A fantasy crafted from Jewish archetypes
The early Christians scribes, convincing themselves that their Lord and Saviour had indeed walked upon the earth, drew most of their inspiration for his brief “ministry” and wonder-working from the vast stock of Jewish sacred writings. Not history but plagiarism put flesh on their notions of a spiritual saviour.
Scavenging through the pious romances and holy heroics of Hebrew scripture they found edifying story lines and useful characterisation to fill a whole eight weeks or so of “biography” – and that includes 40 days and nights in the wilderness. Useful extra detail was gleaned from the works of Josephus, the Jewish historian and a handful of other texts. In time, of course, this so-called “life” would all be back-projected as the “fulfillment of prophecy” – art imitating artifice. Only the rational mind sees plagiarism and deceit.
To those who already “believed” it was the majestic design of an ineffable God, weaving the wondrous image of his only begotten son across several centuries of Jewish history, the misadventure and internecine strife of an entire people reduced to the prologue for the Christian godman.
Profiting from the Prophets
“Among the clamour of the fundamentalists … it is hard to hear the Hebrew prophets on their own terms. What, in fact, had they predicted about Jesus Christ or Christianity? The answer is extremely simple: they had predicted nothing.”
– Robin Lane Fox, The Unauthorized Version, p340.
The 6th to 2nd centuries BC was a golden age of Jewish prophecy, a time when the priests of Judaism invented soothsayers both major and minor (about 17 of them in all) whose prescience rationalized each successive calamity and tribulation.
Thus, the apostasy of the northern kingdom was followed by the anticipations of Amos, Hosea and Micah. Israel’s demise was belatedly foretold by Jonah, Zephaniah and Jeremiah.
The failure of Josiah’s reforms in Judah and the Babylonian exile were foreseen in the later works of Habakkuk, Ezekiel, Obadiah and an updated Jeremiah.
Ezra, Nehemiah and Isaiah, of course, anticipated the earlier deliverance by the Persian king Cyrus, and the later Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi had known of the Temple’s rebuilding well in advance.
Joel and Daniel, though a little late in getting published, foresaw the coming of the Greeks.
For some reason (the intrusion of Greek rationalism?), after the 5th century new prophets failed to materialize. Instead the old prophets, such as Isaiah and Daniel got pertinent updates – a veritable ‘back to the future’ in the arcane art of soothsaying.
To the Christian heretics of the 2nd century the prophetic literature was manna from heaven. They shamelessly re-purposed the entire corpus for a single design: the pre-figuring of their godman.
Words from On High – "End Time Prophet"
During the era of the Hasmoneans, even within mainstream Judaism, the conviction was growing that an eschatological prophet, like Moses, Amos and Hosea of old, who would soon reappear to deliver God’s judgement on a sinful world. This prophet would anoint a ‘messiah’ (a ‘Christ’ in Greek translation) who would once again deliver his people from their time of trial. In the minds of the pious fantasists three types of hero – priest, king and prophet – blurred and took on each other’s traits.
Thus in the 5th century Book of Kings (later split into two books) we have the delightful story of Elijah the Tishbite and a foretaste of an elaborate fantasy later to be ascribed to an altogether more illustrious hero.
Elijah, it seems, passed his apprenticeship in a wilderness east of the Jordan river known as the Kerith Ravine. Here he was brought bread and meat by ravens. He moved on to the town of Zarephath and the hospitality of a starving widow. In gratitude Elijah performed a feeding miracle: he “multiplied” her barrel of meal and jug of oil so that they never ran out. (1 Kings 17.6)
Despite the presence of the holy man the widow’s child died but his death afforded Elijah the opportunity – with the True God’s help, of course – to raise him back to life:
“And the LORD heard the voice of Elijah; and the soul of the child came into him again, and he revived.”
– 1 Kings 17.22
After spending 40 days and nights in the desert Elijah comes upon Elisha plowing his field with twelve oxen and calls him as his disciple (1 Kings 19.1,21). Twelve, of course, is a biblical magic number, symbolizing the tribes of Israel.
With irresponsible abandon (later to be seen in someone else’s disciples) Elisha “went after Elijah, and ministered unto him”, having cooked up the oxen and kissed his parents goodbye! (I Kings 19.21).
After various adventures vanquishing false-gods, a Moses-like dividing of the waters of the river Jordan (2 Kings 2.8), and with a successor in place, the scene is now set for Elijah’s grand finale, being raised to Heaven.
But first he assures Elisha that if “thou see me when I am taken from thee” he will get a “double portion” of holy spirit. Cue the celestial transporter:
“Behold, there appeared a chariot of fire, and horses of fire, and parted them both asunder; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven.
And Elisha saw it, and he cried, My father, my father.” – 2 Kings 2.11,12
The new man Elisha, with double-strength Holy Spirit, immediately repeats the water trick (2 Kings 2.14). It is the start of a remarkable career of blessings and curses which upstage his mentor. Debt relief via an endless supply of saleable oil (4.1,7). Food miracles involving wild vine and gourds (4.41) and the feeding of 100 men with just 20 loaves (with leftovers!) (4.42,44).
He both cures a leper (2 Kings 5.14) and then inflicts leprosy upon his own servant (and his descendents forever!) (5.27). He creates an army of horses and chariots (6.17) and both blinds and restores the sight of a whole Syrian army (6.18, 20).
And of course what sort of prophet would he be without powers over life and death. To a childless woman he grants a child (2 Kings 4:16) and when the child dies from a fall he restores him to life (4:34):
“And he went up, and lay upon the child, and put his mouth upon his mouth, and his eyes upon his eyes, and his hands upon his hands: and stretched himself upon the child; and the flesh of the child waxed warm.”
Even when dead Elisha’s bones have miraculous properties:
“And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band of men; and they cast the man into the sepulcher of Elisha: and when the man was let down, and touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet.” – 13.21
The theological purpose of this awesome Jewish magician is actually rather prosaic. Via an unnamed “child of the prophets” Elisha anoints Jehu king of Israel and sets him the task of massacring the entire royal house of Ahab.
“Elisha” serves a revisionist historian’s purpose in a re-telling of theocratic-politics in 8th century BC Judaea. The point has to be made that, no matter who you are, if you step outside the officially sanctioned belief system of the priests you will be murdered.
Who would have guessed that centuries later another generation of priestly fraudsters would be pillaging the Elijah/Elisha saga for elements to augment an even grander story.
Why waste a good yarn?
Hill of Moreh, south side (Shunem). Elisha raises the dead son – the only child – of an old woman. (2 Kings 4.32,35).
Hill of Moreh, north side (Nain). Jesus raises the dead son – the only child – of an old woman. (Luke 7.11,15).
The Seed Bed of Saviours
Enoch
Sole mention of this fellow in the Hebrew bible is in the list of Adam’s descendents found in Genesis. Enoch is the sixth generation from Adam, father of Methuselah and great-grandpa’ to Noah, living to the grand old-age of 365. The only other interesting snippet we learn of Enoch is that the scribbler who dreamed up the genealogy breaks the poetic pattern of “and he died” for Enoch alone. Instead we get this:
“And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him.” – Genesis 5.24.
The coded message is that Enoch was one of those rare gems, a “righteous man”, and that, just like Elijah, God raised him to heaven without the unpleasant business of dying first.
Not much to go on, but believe it or not the basis for a vast outpouring of Enochian literature around the beginning of the Common Era. The Book of Jubilees made an early contribution to embellishing the name and reputation of ‘Enoch’, naming a wife and sundry relatives unknown to Genesis.
Over a period of 200 years or so – particularly during the Maccabean struggle against Hellenization – several major fantasies featured this ethereal hero, five of them eventually collected into the Book of Enoch:“The Watchers” (fallen angels, chained up by god.); “Parables”; “Astronomical Treatise”; “Dream Visions”; and a “Letter to his children”.
Thus, the apostasy of the northern kingdom was followed by the anticipations of Amos, Hosea and Micah. Israel’s demise was belatedly foretold by Jonah, Zephaniah and Jeremiah.
The failure of Josiah’s reforms in Judah and the Babylonian exile were foreseen in the later works of Habakkuk, Ezekiel, Obadiah and an updated Jeremiah.
Ezra, Nehemiah and Isaiah, of course, anticipated the earlier deliverance by the Persian king Cyrus, and the later Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi had known of the Temple’s rebuilding well in advance.
Joel and Daniel, though a little late in getting published, foresaw the coming of the Greeks.
For some reason (the intrusion of Greek rationalism?), after the 5th century new prophets failed to materialize. Instead the old prophets, such as Isaiah and Daniel got pertinent updates – a veritable ‘back to the future’ in the arcane art of soothsaying.
To the Christian heretics of the 2nd century the prophetic literature was manna from heaven. They shamelessly re-purposed the entire corpus for a single design: the pre-figuring of their godman.
Among Enoch’s numerous adventures are a descent to hell, a visit (with an angel) to the mountain tops, and the gift of eternal life.
‘Parables’ introduced the novel concept a divine figure standing alongside God, pre-existing from before the creation, and taking over many of God’s attributes and functions. In particular, the mystery guest gets the job of sitting on the heavenly throne and judging humanity.
Initially, he is identified only as the Elect One, the Anointed One, and the Son of Man but the final chapter of Parables identifies this exotic character – none other than Enoch himself!
“An angel said to me, ‘You are the Son of Man who was born to righteousness’.”
“Jesus” has to wait for the later re-make to get the starring role!
From Enoch to Jesus?
A trace of the primordial saviour Enoch is even to be found in the New Testament, in the quasi-Jewish, mildly apocalyptic, text which masquerades as the “Epistle of Jude”.
This brief letter targets “filthy dreamers … turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness … feasting with you … walking after their own lusts.”
Why – who would imagine that charlatans would make use of religion to con a living out of the gullible and get their hands on the women?
Tellingly, Jude draws its curses on the fornicators from the non-biblical Book of Enoch (1.9) and the equally non-biblical “Assumption of Moses” (a yarn in which the Devil, on the basis that Moses is a murderer, claims the body).
Enoch has moved on from his Genesis days. He’s now a prophet of the Lord’s Judgement:
“And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints,
To execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him.”
– Jude 1. 14,15.
The tales of Enoch also influenced another quasi-Jewish, seriously apocalyptic, tract – Revelation.
In this entertaining drivel, Enoch himself doesn’t get a mention but a character called Christ is moving up the pecking order.
Melchizedek, King of Salem
With a name that means “righteous king of peace”, this phantom has a curious bit part in Genesis – to deliver the blessing of “the most high” god (“El Elyon”) to Abraham. The occasion is the successful slaughter of an alliance of enemy kings (Genesis 14.18,20). An obviously delighted Abraham hands over a tithe of everything to the (non-Israelite) priest/king Melchizedek.
What’s especially curious about this is the clearly implied pecking order. Melchizedek blesses Abraham; Abraham gives Melchizedek his rake-off. Yet it is Abraham who has been chosen by the Lord Almighty to sire a “great nation.” So what are we to make of the “righteous king of peace”? Why isn’t he siring a great nation?
A document from the Dead Sea Scrolls (11QMelch) throws a little light in this dark corner (in truth, the original story was just badly thought out – a bit like John the Baptist baptizing Jesus in Mark’s fable). The scroll tells us that Melchizedek is a “heavenly being who will bring salvation,” a being identified as a personification of the the archangel Michael – see below (Porter, p39).
We have another contribution from gnostic literature. Here, Melchizedek is not only a heavenly priest but a warrior also:
“One of the Nag Hammadi documents describes him as a prominent heavenly priest and warrior figure who, in being baptized, offered himself in sacrifice, in a way reminiscent of Jesus.
In the Slavonic version of 2 Enoch, Melchizedek’s old and sterile mother conceived him miraculously, apart from sexual intercourse.”
– Oxford Companion to the Bible, p511,512.
From Melchizedek to Jesus?
Like Enoch, Melchizedek also scrapes into the New Testament, in the so-called “Epistle to the Hebrews”, where he serves to legitimise the emerging composite superhero known as Jesus Christ and hand-on to him certain characteristics.
Law enforcement had been the inheritance of the Levitical priesthood and the “order of Aaron”. Yet Jesus Christ, “out of Judah; of which tribe Moses spake nothing”(7.14), single-handedly replaces the entire Levite/Zadokite priesthood and becomes the perfect high priest “forever”.
It is useful, therefore, that Melchizedek defines another “order” – even if that “order” has only two members – Melchizedek and Jesus!
“Whither the forerunner is for us entered, even Jesus, made a high priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek.” – Hebrews 6.20
“And it is yet far more evident: for that after the similitude of Melchizedek there ariseth another priest, Who is made, not after the law of a carnal commandment, but after the power of an endless life. For he testifieth, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek.”
– Hebrews 7.15,17
In the imaginative mind of the author of Hebrews Melchizedek was “without father, without mother” (i.e. had a miraculous birth), had “neither beginning of days, nor end of life” (i.e. was immortal), and was made “like unto the Son of God.”
The homage paid by Abraham to Melchizedek in the original Genesis verse, therefore, could be held to “prefigure” the subordination of Judaism to its upstart heresy – Christianity.
Michael the Archangel
Completing the triad of prototypes for the earth/heaven interface of Jesus is none other than “Michael the Archangel”, he who contends with the Devil for the body of Moses in Jude (1.9) and leads the good fight in Revelation:
“And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, And prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven.”
– Revelation 12.7,8
In Jewish scripture, notably the multi-author Book of Daniel, the divine protector of righteous Jews is identified with the archangel Michael.
Most of Daniel was written during the 2nd century BC Maccabean revolt when various “beasts from the sea” posed a dire threat to Jewish intransigence. The story sets a “righteous hero”, Daniel, in an earlier time of trial (the Babylonian exile) and has “Michael, one of the chief princes” protect him.
The yarn is actually based on a much earlier (14th century BC) Canaanite text found at Ugarit, Syria. This Tale of Aqhat stars Dan’il (dn’il), a righteous king and judge.
Daniel, of course, symbolizes Israel and reassuringly, “shall Michael stand up, the great prince which standeth for the children of thy people.” (12.1)
Daniel is notable for its apocalyptic vision of the future which was developed into that gore-fest known as Revelation. Daniel also has a trailer for the celestial deliverer:
“I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of Man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before him.
And there was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed.”
– Daniel 7.13,14
Who is this “one like the Son of Man”? The archangel Michael? Daniel himself? The Messiah? Of course, there is no clear answer.
Whatever else, we have the appearance of an angelic being as man in heaven. The story is a work-in-progress.
Daniel inspired the author of Revelation and unlike the Gospels, Revelation is a genuine 1st century tract. In this apocalyptic vision the Christ character is far from fully developed. Christ vies with Moses and Michael in the celestial pecking order, rival agents of God’s will.
Shape-Shifters
Of course Wisdom is in the mix there, too (she who was Astarte when Yahweh had a girlfriend). Now an emanation, Wisdom can take the form of Michael the Archangel, or the Holy Spirit, and ride down a sun beam to impregnate the Blessed Virgin.
If all this sounds ridiculous bear in mind it is precisely what a group of Christians called Jehovah’s Witnesses believe. In only two verses does the Bible mentions “archangel”. Jude 9 identifies “Michael the Archangel” and 1 Thessalonians 4.16 says Jesus will return to earth with “the voice of the archangel.”
Quite obviously, then, Jesus must be the Archangel Michael!
Or maybe the whole sorry saga is a priestly fantasy, regurgitated nonsense keeping the men of piety in business, peddling hope to the oppressed and collecting tithes for themselves.
Where Did They Get Their Ideas From?
Septuagint – Greek translation of the Jewish oracles and a primary source document for the Christian novelists.
“For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from and contradicting one another, as the Greeks have, but only twenty-two books, which contain the records of all the past times; which are justly believed to be divine.”
– Josephus, Against Apion, 1.8 c. 100.
In the centuries around the beginning of the Common Era the sacred literature of the Jews numbered in the hundreds. Only a few texts were actually selected for the ‘canon’ of Hebrew scripture, those stories that tradition had recognized as ‘divine’.
First and foremost were the books of ‘the Law’, originally written during the reign of King Josiah (641-611 BC). The so-called Mosaic code or Torah (aka the Pentateuch) formed the core of an ‘approved list’ drawn up in the 4th century BC by an author who was a scribe/politico and racial purist. He wrote under the pseudonym of Esdras (Ezra).
The set of books known as ‘the Prophets’ or ’12 heroes of Israel’ (there are actually 17 of them) gained recognition during the early 2nd century BC.
‘The Writings’ – psalms, proverbs, and wisdom literature – were the last to receive the priestly seal of approval and the rabbis argued over some of them into the 3rd century AD.
But as it was, a reconstituted council of the Sanhedrin met in Jamnia in 90 and again in 118 AD, and pronounced on what was divine and what was profane
Significantly, they rejected the newer books – such as Jubilees, Enoch, Maccabees, Proverbs, Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes and Esther – the very works popular with proto-Christian heretics.
“Those who undertake to write histories, do not, I perceive, take that trouble on one and the same account, but for many reasons … there are not a few who are induced to draw their historical facts out of darkness into light, and to produce them for the benefit of the public, on account of the great importance of the facts themselves with which they have been concerned.”
– Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
– Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
Josephus is our primary source of the history of the Jews in the 1st century AD. He was also a primary source for the 2nd century Christian novelists. His histories provided an essential background and authentic detail which allowed them to place their fabricated saviour in a convincing historical setting.
Four of Josephus’s works survive: The Jewish War (a history of the Jewish revolt against Rome, 66-74); Antiquities of the Jews (a more comprehensive history of the Jews, based mainly on Jewish scripture); Against Apion (a defence of Judaism); and an autobiography Life (which reveals some interesting parallels to the ‘life’ of the apostle Paul).
Sources:
- J. R. Porter, The Lost Bible (Duncan Baird, 2001)
- Nicholas Carter, The Christ Myth (Historical Review Press, 1993)
- Michael Grant, Jesus (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977)
- N. Page, The Bible Book (Harper Collins, 2002)
- Robin Lane Fox, The Unauthorized Version (Penguin, 1991)
- J. Packer, D. Williams The Bible Application Handbook (Eagle, 1999)
- Thomas Sheehan, The First Coming (Random House 1986)
- Gordan Thomas, The Trial (Bantam, 1987)
Related Article:
Man or Myth?
“Everything personally pertaining to the Nazarene, including the forty days and forty nights in the wilderness (of which we know virtually nothing), can be compressed into approximately eight weeks – which can hardly be called a ‘life.’
This fact alone should convince any individual of sense that there was never a Jesus of Nazareth.”
– Nicholas Carter (The Christ Myth, p89)
"Oh No! It's Elijah, the Tishbite!"
Hair-shirted Elijah (Elias) was chosen by God and made a name for himself by murdering 450 priests of Baal (1 Kings 18.40) and 100 men sent to arrest him (2 Kings 1.1,8).
God was delighted. Without even dying first Elijah was raised to heaven. (2 Kings 2.11)
His SUV was a “fiery chariot” (possibly the one parked up by Apollo).
What's in a name?
Eli’sha = God is salvation
Eli’jah = God is Jehovah
Je’sus (Yeshua) = Jehovah saves
50+ parallels (off-site link)
Qumran – Many Tenants
Qumran – first settled during the Maccabean era and last occupied by Roman troops during the war against Bar Kochba (130-135) the Dead Sea “monastery” is forever linked to the Essenes.
The Essenes appear to have used Qumran as a training camp from the time of Archelaus (Herod’s son, 4 BC – 6 AD) until being scattered by the Romans in 68 AD.
War Scroll
The War Scroll dates to the period of intensified anti-Roman and Zealot activity (37 BC-68 AD).
The War scroll combines prayers with military and religious preparation for an apocalyptic war.
The ‘children of light’ and the angels will triumph over the devil Belial and the ‘children of darkness’, identified with the Kittim (the Romans).
Damascus Document (aka Cairo Document or ‘CD’) (2nd/1st century BC).
Exhortations and rules of a group of exiles “in Damascus”.
In this scroll the 2 messiahs of earlier texts (1QM 11.7-8) are combined into one, the “Messiah of Aaron and Israel” or the “Scion of David” (4QPatBls 1.34). He will arise at the “End of Days”. (4QpISa).
But the scroll also foretells that a great prophet or “Interpreter of the Law” (an “Elijah”) will return at the end-time with the messiah. (4QFlor 1.11)
The Real Deal
The Christian novelists strove to deflate the claims of rival John the Baptist fans. They identified the Baptist as both JC’s cousin and as a reborn “Elijah” – reducing him to a mere forerunner of the “real thing”.
Temple Scroll.
The rules for building a massive temple, how, when and why of sacrifice, rules for communal purity. All 28 feet of it.
” If a man is a traitor against his people and give them up to a foreign nation, so doing evil to his people, you are to hang him on a tree until dead.”
Temple Scroll 11Q 64:7-8
Consolidating the Lord
The parables of the Book of Enoch merged the “Son of Man,” the “Just One,” the “Elect One,” and “the Anointed” into ONE person.
"Melchizedek" – a play on the words "righteous peacemaker".
"Archangel Michael" – another member of JC's extended family.
So who is it – Elijah? Enoch? Melchizedek? Michael? Why don't we just call him Jesus?
